dump1090/comm_b.c

// Part of dump1090, a Mode S message decoder for RTLSDR devices.
//
// comm_b.c: Comm-B message decoding
//
// Copyright (c) 2017 FlightAware, LLC
// Copyright (c) 2017 Oliver Jowett <oliver@mutability.co.uk>
//
// This file is free software: you may copy, redistribute and/or modify it
// under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the
// Free Software Foundation, either version 2 of the License, or (at your
// option) any later version.
//
// This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful, but
// WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
// MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.  See the GNU
// General Public License for more details.
//
// You should have received a copy of the GNU General Public License
// along with this program.  If not, see <http://www.gnu.org/licenses/>.

#include "dump1090.h"
#include "ais_charset.h"

typedef int (*CommBDecoderFn)(struct modesMessage *,bool);

static int decodeEmptyResponse(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store);
static int decodeBDS10(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store);
static int decodeBDS17(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store);
static int decodeBDS20(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store);
static int decodeBDS30(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store);
static int decodeBDS40(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store);
static int decodeBDS50(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store);
static int decodeBDS60(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store);

static CommBDecoderFn comm_b_decoders[] = {
    &decodeEmptyResponse,
    &decodeBDS10,
    &decodeBDS20,
    &decodeBDS30,
    &decodeBDS17,
    &decodeBDS40,
    &decodeBDS50,
    &decodeBDS60
};

void decodeCommB(struct modesMessage *mm)
{
    mm->commb_format = COMMB_UNKNOWN;

    // If DR or UM are set, this message is _probably_ noise
    // as nothing really seems to use the multisite broadcast stuff?
    // Also skip anything that had errors corrected
    if (mm->DR != 0 || mm->UM != 0 || mm->correctedbits > 0) {
        return;
    }

    // This is a bit hairy as we don't know what the requested register was
    int bestScore = 0;
    CommBDecoderFn bestDecoder = NULL;
    int ambiguous = 0;

    for (unsigned i = 0; i < (sizeof(comm_b_decoders) / sizeof(comm_b_decoders[0])); ++i) {
        int score = comm_b_decoders[i](mm, false);
        if (score > bestScore) {
            bestScore = score;
            bestDecoder = comm_b_decoders[i];
            ambiguous = 0;
        } else if (score == bestScore) {
            ambiguous = 1;
        }
    }

    if (bestDecoder) {
        if (ambiguous) {
            mm->commb_format = COMMB_AMBIGUOUS;
        } else {
            // decode it
            bestDecoder(mm, true);
        }
    }
}

static int decodeEmptyResponse(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store)
{
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 7; ++i) {
        if (mm->MB[i] != 0) {
            return 0;
        }
    }

    if (store) {
        mm->commb_format = COMMB_EMPTY_RESPONSE;
    }

    return 56;
}

// BDS1,0 Datalink capabilities
static int decodeBDS10(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store)
{
    unsigned char *msg = mm->MB;

    // BDS identifier
    if (msg[0] != 0x10) {
        return 0;
    }

    // Reserved bits
    if (getbits(msg, 10, 14) != 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    // Looks plausible.

    if (store) {
        mm->commb_format = COMMB_DATALINK_CAPS;
    }

    return 56;
}

// BDS1,7 Common usage GICB capability report
static int decodeBDS17(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store)
{
    unsigned char *msg = mm->MB;

    // reserved bits
    if (getbits(msg, 25, 56) != 0) {
        return 0;
    }

    int score = 0;
    if (getbit(msg, 7)) {
        score += 1;  // 2,0 aircraft identification
    } else {
        // BDS2,0 is on almost everything
        score -= 2;
    }

    // unlikely bits
    if (getbit(msg, 10)) { // 4,1 next waypoint identifier
        score -= 2;
    }
    if (getbit(msg, 11)) { // 4,2 next waypoint position
        score -= 2;
    }
    if (getbit(msg, 12)) { // 4,3 next waypoint information
        score -= 2;
    }
    if (getbit(msg, 13)) { // 4,4 meterological routine report
        score -= 2;
    }
    if (getbit(msg, 14)) { // 4,4 meterological hazard report
        score -= 2;
    }
    if (getbit(msg, 20)) { // 5,4 waypoint 1
        score -= 2;
    }
    if (getbit(msg, 21)) { // 5,5 waypoint 2
        score -= 2;
    }
    if (getbit(msg, 22)) { // 5,6 waypoint 3
        score -= 2;
    }

    if (getbit(msg, 1) && getbit(msg, 2) && getbit(msg, 3) && getbit(msg, 4) && getbit(msg, 5)) {
        // looks like ES capable
        score += 5;
        if (getbit(msg, 6)) {
            // ES EDI
            score += 1;
        }
    } else if (!getbit(msg, 1) && !getbit(msg, 2) && !getbit(msg, 3) && !getbit(msg, 4) && !getbit(msg, 5) && !getbit(msg, 6)) {
        // not ES capable
        score += 1;
    } else {
        // partial ES support, unlikely
        score -= 12;
    }

    if (getbit(msg, 16) && getbit(msg, 24)) {
        // track/turn, heading/speed
        score += 2;
        if (getbit(msg, 9)) {
            // vertical intent
            score += 1;
        }
    } else if (!getbit(msg, 16) && !getbit(msg, 24) && !getbit(msg, 9)) {
        // neither
        score += 1;
    } else {
        // unlikely
        score -= 6;
    }

    if (store) {
        mm->commb_format = COMMB_GICB_CAPS;
    }

    return score;
}

// BDS2,0 Aircraft identification
static int decodeBDS20(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store)
{
    char callsign[9];
    unsigned char *msg = mm->MB;

    // BDS identifier
    if (msg[0] != 0x20) {
        return 0;
    }

    callsign[0] = ais_charset[getbits(msg, 9, 14)];
    callsign[1] = ais_charset[getbits(msg, 15, 20)];
    callsign[2] = ais_charset[getbits(msg, 21, 26)];
    callsign[3] = ais_charset[getbits(msg, 27, 32)];
    callsign[4] = ais_charset[getbits(msg, 33, 38)];
    callsign[5] = ais_charset[getbits(msg, 39, 44)];
    callsign[6] = ais_charset[getbits(msg, 45, 50)];
    callsign[7] = ais_charset[getbits(msg, 51, 56)];
    callsign[8] = 0;

    // score based on number of valid characters
    int score = 8;
    int valid = 1;
    for (unsigned i = 0; i < 8; ++i) {
        if ((callsign[i] >= 'A' && callsign[i] <= 'Z') || (callsign[i] >= '0' && callsign[i] <= '9') || callsign[i] == ' ') {
            score += 6;
        } else if (callsign[i] == '@') {
            // Padding (sometimes we get @@@@@@@@, i.e. BDS2,0 with all zeros - we do want to accept this as a BDS2,0 but not actually use the callsign)
            valid = 0;
        } else {
            // Invalid
            return 0;
        }
    }

    if (store) {
        mm->commb_format = COMMB_AIRCRAFT_IDENT;
        if (valid) {
            memcpy(mm->callsign, callsign, sizeof(mm->callsign));
            mm->callsign_valid = 1;
        }
    }

    return score;
}

// BDS3,0 ACAS RA
static int decodeBDS30(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store)
{
    unsigned char *msg = mm->MB;

    // BDS identifier
    if (msg[0] != 0x30) {
        return 0;
    }

    if (store) {
        mm->commb_format = COMMB_ACAS_RA;
    }

    // just accept it.
    return 56;
}

// BDS4,0 Selected vertical intention
static int decodeBDS40(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store)
{
    unsigned char *msg = mm->MB;

    unsigned mcp_valid = getbit(msg, 1);
    unsigned mcp_raw = getbits(msg, 2, 13);
    unsigned fms_valid = getbit(msg, 14);
    unsigned fms_raw = getbits(msg, 15, 26);
    unsigned baro_valid = getbit(msg, 27);
    unsigned baro_raw = getbits(msg, 28, 39);
    unsigned reserved_1 = getbits(msg, 40, 47);
    unsigned mode_valid = getbit(msg, 48);
    unsigned mode_raw = getbits(msg, 49, 51);
    unsigned reserved_2 = getbits(msg, 52, 53);
    unsigned source_valid = getbit(msg, 54);
    unsigned source_raw = getbits(msg, 55, 56);

    if (!mcp_valid && !fms_valid && !baro_valid && !mode_valid && !source_valid) {
        return 0;
    }

    int score = 0;

    unsigned mcp_alt = 0;
    if (mcp_valid && mcp_raw != 0) {
        mcp_alt = mcp_raw * 16;
        if (mcp_alt >= 1000 && mcp_alt <= 50000) {
            score += 13;
        } else {
            // unlikely altitude
            score -= 2;
        }
    } else if (!mcp_valid && mcp_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 130;
    }

    unsigned fms_alt = 0;
    if (fms_valid && fms_raw != 0) {
        fms_alt = fms_raw * 16;
        if (fms_alt >= 1000 && fms_alt <= 50000) {
            score += 13;
        } else {
            // unlikely altitude
            score -= 2;
        }
    } else if (!fms_valid && fms_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 130;
    }

    float baro_setting = 0;
    if (baro_valid && baro_raw != 0) {
        baro_setting = 800 + baro_raw * 0.1;
        if (baro_setting >= 900 && baro_setting <= 1100) {
            score += 13;
        } else {
            // unlikely pressure setting
            score -= 2;
        }
    } else if (!baro_valid && baro_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 130;
    }

    if (reserved_1 != 0) {
        score -= 80;
    }

    if (mode_valid) {
        score += 4;
    } else if (!mode_valid && mode_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 40;
    }

    if (reserved_2 != 0) {
        score -= 20;
    }

    if (source_valid) {
        score += 3;
    } else if (!source_valid && source_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 30;
    }

    // small bonuses for consistent data
    if (mcp_valid && fms_valid && mcp_alt == fms_alt) {
        score += 2;
    }

    if (baro_valid && baro_raw == 2132) {
        // 1013.2mb, standard pressure
        score += 2;
    }

    if (mcp_valid) {
        unsigned remainder = mcp_alt % 500;
        if (remainder < 16 || remainder > 484) {
            // mcp altitude is a multiple of 500
            score += 2;
        }
    }

    if (fms_valid) {
        unsigned remainder = fms_alt % 500;
        if (remainder < 16 || remainder > 484) {
            // fms altitude is a multiple of 500
            score += 2;
        }
    }

    if (store) {
        mm->commb_format = COMMB_VERTICAL_INTENT;

        if (mcp_valid) {
            mm->nav.mcp_altitude_valid = 1;
            mm->nav.mcp_altitude = mcp_alt;
        }

        if (fms_valid) {
            mm->nav.fms_altitude_valid = 1;
            mm->nav.fms_altitude = fms_alt;
        }

        if (baro_valid) {
            mm->nav.qnh_valid = 1;
            mm->nav.qnh = baro_setting;
        }

        if (mode_valid) {
            mm->nav.modes_valid = 1;
            mm->nav.modes =
                ((mode_raw & 4) ? NAV_MODE_VNAV : 0) |
                ((mode_raw & 2) ? NAV_MODE_ALT_HOLD : 0) |
                ((mode_raw & 1) ? NAV_MODE_APPROACH : 0);
        }

        if (source_valid) {
            switch (source_raw) {
            case 0:
                mm->nav.altitude_source = NAV_ALT_UNKNOWN;
                break;
            case 1:
                mm->nav.altitude_source = NAV_ALT_AIRCRAFT;
                break;
            case 2:
                mm->nav.altitude_source = NAV_ALT_MCP;
                break;
            case 3:
                mm->nav.altitude_source = NAV_ALT_FMS;
                break;
            default:
                mm->nav.altitude_source = NAV_ALT_INVALID;
                break;
            }
        } else {
            mm->nav.altitude_source = NAV_ALT_INVALID;
        }
    }

    return score;
}

// BDS5,0 Track and turn report
static int decodeBDS50(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store)
{
    unsigned char *msg = mm->MB;

    unsigned roll_valid = getbit(msg, 1);
    unsigned roll_sign = getbit(msg, 2);
    unsigned roll_raw = getbits(msg, 3, 11);

    unsigned track_valid = getbit(msg, 12);
    unsigned track_sign = getbit(msg, 13);
    unsigned track_raw = getbits(msg, 14, 23);

    unsigned gs_valid = getbit(msg, 24);
    unsigned gs_raw = getbits(msg, 25, 34);

    unsigned track_rate_valid = getbit(msg, 35);
    unsigned track_rate_sign = getbit(msg, 36);
    unsigned track_rate_raw = getbits(msg, 37, 45);

    unsigned tas_valid = getbit(msg, 46);
    unsigned tas_raw = getbits(msg, 47, 56);

    if (!roll_valid && !track_valid && !gs_valid && !track_rate_valid && !tas_valid) {
        return 0;
    }

    int score = 0;

    float roll = 0;
    if (roll_valid) {
        roll = roll_raw * 45.0 / 256.0;
        if (roll_sign) {
            roll -= 90.0;
        }

        if (roll >= -40 && roll < 40) {
            score += 11;
        } else {
            score -= 5;
        }
    } else if (!roll_valid && roll_raw == 0 && !roll_sign) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 110;
    }

    float track = 0;
    if (track_valid) {
        score += 12;
        track = track_raw * 90.0 / 512.0;
        if (track_sign) {
            track += 180.0;
        }
    } else if (!track_valid && track_raw == 0 && !track_sign) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 120;
    }

    unsigned gs = 0;
    if (gs_valid && gs_raw != 0) {
        gs = gs_raw * 2;

        if (gs >= 50 && gs <= 700) {
            score += 11;
        } else {
            score -= 5;
        }
    } else if (!gs_valid && gs_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 110;
    }

    float track_rate = 0;
    if (track_rate_valid) {
        track_rate = track_rate_raw * 8.0 / 256.0;
        if (track_rate_sign) {
            track_rate -= 16;
        }

        if (track_rate >= -10.0 && track_rate <= 10.0) {
            score += 11;
        } else {
            score -= 5;
        }
    } else if (!track_rate_valid && track_rate_raw == 0 && !track_rate_sign) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 110;
    }

    unsigned tas = 0;
    if (tas_valid && tas_raw != 0) {
        tas = tas_raw * 2;

        if (tas >= 50 && tas <= 700) {
            score += 11;
        } else {
            score -= 5;
        }
    } else if (!tas_valid && tas_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 110;
    }

    // small bonuses for consistent data
    if (gs_valid && tas_valid) {
        int delta = abs((int)gs_valid - (int)tas_valid);
        if (delta < 50) {
            score += 5;
        } else if (delta > 150) {
            score -= 5;
        }
    }

    // compute the theoretical turn rate and compare to track angle rate
    if (roll_valid && tas_valid && tas > 0 && track_rate_valid) {
        double turn_rate = 68625 * tan(roll * M_PI / 180.0) / (tas * 20 * M_PI);
        double delta = fabs(turn_rate - track_rate);
        if (delta < 0.5) {
            score += 5;
        } else if (delta > 2.0) {
            score -= 5;
        }
    }

    if (store) {
        mm->commb_format = COMMB_TRACK_TURN;

        if (roll_valid) {
            mm->roll_valid = 1;
            mm->roll = roll;
        }

        if (track_valid) {
            mm->heading_valid = 1;
            mm->heading = track;
            mm->heading_type = HEADING_GROUND_TRACK;
        }

        if (gs_valid) {
            mm->gs_valid = 1;
            mm->gs.v0 = mm->gs.v2 = mm->gs.selected = gs;
        }

        if (track_rate_valid) {
            mm->track_rate_valid = 1;
            mm->track_rate = track_rate;
        }

        if (tas_valid) {
            mm->tas_valid = 1;
            mm->tas = tas;
        }
    }

    return score;
}

// BDS6,0 Heading and speed report
static int decodeBDS60(struct modesMessage *mm, bool store)
{
    unsigned char *msg = mm->MB;

    unsigned heading_valid = getbit(msg, 1);
    unsigned heading_sign = getbit(msg, 2);
    unsigned heading_raw = getbits(msg, 3, 12);

    unsigned ias_valid = getbit(msg, 13);
    unsigned ias_raw = getbits(msg, 14, 23);

    unsigned mach_valid = getbit(msg, 24);
    unsigned mach_raw = getbits(msg, 25, 34);

    unsigned baro_rate_valid = getbit(msg, 35);
    unsigned baro_rate_sign = getbit(msg, 36);
    unsigned baro_rate_raw = getbits(msg, 37, 45);

    unsigned inertial_rate_valid = getbit(msg, 46);
    unsigned inertial_rate_sign = getbit(msg, 47);
    unsigned inertial_rate_raw = getbits(msg, 48, 56);

    if (!heading_valid && !ias_valid && !mach_valid && !baro_rate_valid && !inertial_rate_valid) {
        return 0;
    }

    int score = 0;

    float heading = 0;
    if (heading_valid) {
        heading = heading_raw * 90.0 / 512.0;
        if (heading_sign) {
            heading += 180.0;
        }
        score += 12;
    } else if (!heading_valid && heading_raw == 0 && !heading_sign) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 120;
    }

    unsigned ias = 0;
    if (ias_valid && ias_raw != 0) {
        ias = ias_raw;
        if (ias >= 50 && ias <= 700) {
            score += 11;
        } else {
            score -= 5;
        }
    } else if (!ias_valid && ias_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 110;
    }

    float mach = 0;
    if (mach_valid && mach_raw != 0) {
        mach = mach_raw * 2.048 / 512;
        if (mach >= 0.1 && mach <= 0.9) {
            score += 11;
        } else {
            score -= 5;
        }
    } else if (!mach_valid && mach_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 110;
    }

    int baro_rate = 0;
    if (baro_rate_valid) {
        baro_rate = baro_rate_raw * 32;
        if (baro_rate_sign) {
            baro_rate -= 16384;
        }

        if (baro_rate >= -6000 && baro_rate <= 6000) {
            score += 11;
        } else {
            score -= 5;
        }
    } else if (!baro_rate_valid && baro_rate_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 110;
    }

    int inertial_rate = 0;
    if (inertial_rate_valid) {
        inertial_rate = inertial_rate_raw * 32;
        if (inertial_rate_sign) {
            inertial_rate -= 16384;
        }

        if (inertial_rate >= -6000 && inertial_rate <= 6000) {
            score += 11;
        } else {
            score -= 5;
        }
    } else if (!inertial_rate_valid && inertial_rate_raw == 0) {
        score += 1;
    } else {
        score -= 110;
    }

    // small bonuses for consistent data

    // Should check IAS vs Mach at given altitude, but the maths is a little involved

    if (baro_rate_valid && inertial_rate_valid) {
        int delta = abs(baro_rate - inertial_rate);
        if (delta < 500) {
            score += 5;
        } else if (delta > 2000) {
            score -= 5;
        }
    }

    if (store) {
        mm->commb_format = COMMB_HEADING_SPEED;

        if (heading_valid) {
            mm->heading_valid = 1;
            mm->heading = heading;
            mm->heading_type = HEADING_MAGNETIC;
        }

        if (ias_valid) {
            mm->ias_valid = 1;
            mm->ias = ias;
        }

        if (mach_valid) {
            mm->mach_valid = 1;
            mm->mach = mach;
        }

        if (baro_rate_valid) {
            mm->baro_rate_valid = 1;
            mm->baro_rate = baro_rate;
        }

        if (inertial_rate_valid) {
            // INS-derived data is treated as a "geometric rate" / "geometric altitude"
            // elsewhere, so do the same here.
            mm->geom_rate_valid = 1;
            mm->geom_rate = inertial_rate;
        }
    }

    return score;
}